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¿Firma electrónica y FIEL son lo mismo?

Resumen4 minutos de lectura

Esta es una duda muy común, y aunque ambos conceptos comparten características, tienen diferencias específicas en cuanto a su aplicación y uso.

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¿La firma electrónica y la FIEL son lo mismo? ¿O existe alguna diferencia entre ellas? Esta es una duda muy común, y aunque ambos conceptos comparten características, tienen diferencias específicas en cuanto a su aplicación y uso.

En este artículo definimos cuáles son y la importancia de distinguir entre ambos conceptos en el ámbito personal y empresarial.

¿Qué es la firma electrónica?

Se puede decir que la firma electrónica involucra a un conjunto de autenticaciones electrónicas que permiten formalizar acuerdos de manera remota usando medios electrónicos.

Es decir, cumple la misma función que una firma en papel, ya que te permite completar solicitudes de consentimiento, solo que de manera digital y segura.

Ahora bien, existen distintos tipos de firmas electrónicas, entre las que destacan:

  • firma electrónica simple,

  • firma electrónica avanzada,

  • firma electrónica digital, y

  • firma electrónica cualificada

Comienza a usar la firma electrónicaContacta a ventas

¿Qué es la FIEL o e.firma?

Ahora bien, la e.firma es equivalente a la anteriormente llamada FIEL (siglas de firma electrónica avanzada). Aunque hace algunos años el SAT decidió cambiar su nombre a e.firma, en algunos portales aún se utiliza el término FIEL.

Se trata de un tipo de firma electrónica digital que se requiere para realizar trámites y servicios ante el Gobierno de la República Mexicana. Su principal característica es que utiliza un certificado digital que ayuda a brindar seguridad a las transacciones electrónicas de los contribuyentes, ya que permite identificar al autor y verificar que los mensajes no hayan sido modificados.

Ahora, quizás te preguntes: ¿qué es un certificado digital?

Bueno, es una tecnología que permite validar la identidad de la persona que está firmando.  Básicamente, hace uso de la criptografía para autenticar la identidad del firmante y la integridad del documento (es decir, que no haya sido alterado luego de la firma).

Y ¿quién emite estos certificados? Existen Autoridades Certificadoras que son las únicas que pueden realizarlo. En el caso de la e.firma, el gobierno mexicano elige las entidades certificadoras que emiten certificados válidos para las transacciones con el gobierno.

Así que, en líneas generales, cuando alguien firma usando un certificado digital, las demás personas pueden confiar plenamente en la firma digital, ya que la autoridad certificadora asegura que el firmante y su identidad digital coinciden.

Ahora bien, la e.firma se caracteriza por:

  • basarse en estándares internacionales de infraestructura de claves públicas (KPI),

  • autenticar al emisor del mensaje, y

  • asegurar que el mensaje no haya sido alterado desde su emisión.

Cabe destacar que en México es posible obtener el certificado para la e.firma de manera gratuita al agendar una cita con el SAT.

Diferencias entre la FIEL y la firma electrónica

Como mencionamos previamente, la FIEL es un tipo de firma electrónica, que al hacer uso de un certificado digital, se clasifica como firma digital.

Ahora bien, cabe distinguir que todas las firmas digitales son firmas electrónicas, pero esto no significa que todas las firmas electrónicas se consideren digitales. De hecho, no es así**.**

Esto es porque una firma electrónica simple no reúne las características de la firma digital, (funcionalidad, autenticidad, integridad, no repudio y confidencialidad). Por esta razón, la firma digital forma parte de la firma avanzada, pero no de la firma electrónica simple.

Ahora bien, la principal distinción entre una firma electrónica y la e.firma es que la segunda es una firma exclusiva para trámites y servicios ante el SAT y otras dependencias de gobierno.

Se utiliza, por ejemplo, para:

  • trámites con el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS),

  • avisos aduanales,

  • trámite de cédula profesional,

  • presentación de declaraciones, y

  • como forma de autenticación ante el SAT. 

Firma electrónica o FIEL: ¿cuál es mejor?

Ninguna es mejor que la otra, simplemente tienen usos diferentes.

No en todas las situaciones será necesario utilizar un certificado digital al firmar. Sin embargo, hay casos en los que la e.firma es necesaria. Por ejemplo, en sectores muy regulados por las entidades gubernamentales.,

En general, la firma electrónica es una solución estratégica que brinda agilidad, automatización y legalidad a todas tus operaciones empresariales.

Para conocer más sobre los tipos de firmas electrónicas que existen en México, te invitamos a leer nuestro artículo sobre el tema.

Ahora que conoces un poco más sobre la utilidad y las ventajas de esta herramienta, ¡realiza la prueba gratuita de Docusign eSignature y pon a prueba sus funcionalidades!

Obtén más información o accede a una prueba gratuita hoy.Prueba Gratuita

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